i, rntrPducrlon 2~ Pi! 2,1 Sheet Production 2.2 Physi~il and theni~~l Properties 2,3 Cigarette Manufacture 2.4 Snake Analysis 5 Minor Components 3, SRT 3,'. Sheet Production 3~2 Physical and Chenica! Properties Cigarette Manufa:ture 3,4 Smoke Analysis 3,S ninor COmponente 4, Fsnel Testing $.i '~L Cigarettes 4,: SRT Cigarettes Conclurion Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 PCL 2,1 Sheet Prodwtion to examine the yrocessin(luence on the subjective smoking qul;iry 1 c~aercitl blend 1384 used in Benson I Hedges General Tladel of lamina and stem, which is normally used in a ratio pi a0:?0 respectively! was sent to the Pjs~ Plant in nontreal to be r~nverted in FC!, a diaoran of the PC1 process is shown in Fipnre i, Ooly additives whic~ werr essential to the process were to be Included in:he man~iicturing oi the Iheet~ Pr certain additives re essential thev can be considered as pa': of the process and not as part pi the overall formulation. In normal PCL production y!ycsol ij added to prevent the sheet irom becoming too brittie and ~~a~di!enibiliiY. Carbo!:yms:hyl Cellulose ICMC) is also added to Enhance the ?nylicil stranoth pi the sheet. In standard F'CL production the bindsrportion is manufactured from leaf ;u,t,v ~;e~ (i!BFi] w~cre a.hout 561 of the total dry weight of the stem is Icr: in pro""jing, In this eu.perinent our water treated stem (WTS! war t~Jeus,dinthe production oi the binder, therefore an initial trial was carried out at the Rj~s plant with Csnadi;n WT5 to see if production qualitY sheet could be manu(a~tur,d. this initial trial was suecess~ul. the minimum amount pT "T5 yhieh ·Puld produce goad quality 5hest was :8;: of the tobacco ~or;ion cred in producinp the sheet, C A total of ;ar,.,::pi·ilental shea~s Here produced. In the first trill yiyr.roi anc:hiiwer~add?drt their normll productiPn \e levels of 5:: and il~j:~ r·spaztively. In the second trial CMC wee 1~ Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 was reduced to a minimun~ that held constant It O~BZ and glyceral wou:d still inacu(a::ure er~ductiPn quality sheet ii was decided "en-l:tu" that ~hii would be 8. in the third run, no CIIC was used and g!vc.rol was added at i:'r normal level. in producing these three shef·ir the in(luenre d 91YEe'Il COYld he studied and the aiieets oi CMt on the PCL sheet. i 2.2 Chemical Properties The ;ohaccs control Slond and the reconst:tuted tobacco from the PC1 process cas analyssd ior any ligoi~icmt chanPes which nay have occurred during reconstitution, - Nicotine and Sugars The values p'e shown in Table 2. ihe nicotine levels ilr the PCL sheers, 1SHZal ISH3 and ISW are the sam. as the cpn::ul blend (Se4i, This would indicate no loss fhis is due to the fact that of nicotine ~or the FC1 process. irlm the stem is lost during the process eclubles pp':'O" idppendia ;i· T$e manyea In iorwl,tion, ihe reduction in removal of CMe! ISH4, appear to have no glycerol, blend IS~3, the affect on the nicotine levels in the sheet, levels are lower than the control The totbl and reducing sugar bland. For the FCL sheets the I~rs in ~u(ars can he explained iror the stem portion of the blend with the less of soluhles Q (Apgendi~ 1!· 03 c Tobacco Chom!Etry · ~O ise levels VIYc"ul ITable 3i En the ~CL sheati ue~e I? ~ e~p·ctedl as ":~ Plvcscl Its added tp l!eo3s !5R1P and iSii( and Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 _ __ g II IblC*ldLB. ~'1~ p*·iL nd ~~n· ~~I h ·I min; b:Fnd ~C~ 3 *' Y~C dr m, b"e Ri u*L~ b~~Cbi~*'tlLI~·d ahYs Col The ~~ount of ctllulore the stem portiPn during produ~tion~ presPnt In the ~set~ ~ne hiShK tha~ thl e~o~i. Thit wlr r:p~ctld y yn~ ~H3 ·d 9H3 h3 P CMC d~l tl give ·e Blond 1SH~ had na CMC added and the shoe: physieai rtrength· ?CL ~lmd~ were high~r ~h~n the ss:ltt Folubloe (T"~!e j) or the loos of ~o~ublo~ for the ccnrroi· Thil can he Pxpi~i"c~ La tnl :ncrelsP frpl 45 to *502 (~~pmdi~ 1)~ ,,: c~l n~sr hn~ ~~b U fer ~I Pa dw~ re Idulll thr U' r ~e~~cni· a''hM~ dbqb ~~"~ ir*B i"" *' dC On~L m. u ~I b er d cmrPnt (or the rhlr~s ie the aI f~lc51~r! the pro:~1~ nitropcn dr ~d~i. ;s ~~ br Cdd" and ~bYe mtg~ ~~d" II be n~tbd that there ir no shift si~i:ir to the cDntr~i it can Ao u]JH bu·~~!"~~"bd~dr, nrl rs 1 t:acl Pi aamPnia nitrogcn~ 2,3 Cip;rettlMMnuiletvl ,I qEHkdim d th' RL der~hl b ib" i" hYlb ~~nui~Eturad O iht contrPi ei9"'5t:s and the ~hrot nycrettPs were a ~·I k HCr Bin] P~e $c~ud~r, Thc dCn~s ,, I.~rhnd$ ,·d p"Y~ b·r no I~R rh, 6*~P nECI ~ ~' dCn~s *e ~pl * "Ye 5 ClibPDF - v~~fastio.soni ihe RL ci96'ei:er nave a hign lensit~ Eolparee with the control c; the XL and thcrc~be the red due to t~P lower filing power ,,igiitr are alrP hiphc'. Clqarstfa ii~L II5H41 possesred a hiph r~d prejsurl drop (FO)I SO, compared with the other two Pei ~hpe~ lhk ends stability of the Eigere~tes ei3aret:es and the control. ssPke analysis and panel testing ,aj pepT and cigarettes used ibr ncre hanj rele~ted~ 2,5 Smoke Analysis Tha re·u!ts are Jhlwn in 5ablr b and 7, The e·perietntrl ci?~'e~tcs panuiac:urd iroa PCL sheet were compareo with the control cioa.rette made frcl the sane !~nina/;tem !il i ?S) ratio [il:9)· PrlllNs deliuaries were higher than the For the PCI cioarettP~ :ne c?ntrol, this can ~zr.fi?ct'd in:he pr.Pter weipht Ilo~l~ (l.abla 12) and the puif numbers ,j?her density ci4arPtte*-) coppared uith the ;ntrol. For tne PCI cioarettesl F15L, the tigsroitl ui:haut the added cellulose Vive a lower PMIX~F of 18.0 ,,IDared with 21.5 and ?2·0 ior ;!57 and F15B resp,etiveiY. -;icotinE ihl niretine dplive~y ct the ci(arct?ea is pivs" in Table B and TltlP s· al:C~'! """'"' "'""Y 4111'1 Oi t*l Iii the ra c~ ciiarer:ell '158 an:i;S, is hioher than the control (i15P1. Th:s is due to the up:oht smoked, The Eiparet~e, F156, wit.h no 1Puer:ltalnicotine dPliverv CMC added during ~r,:~cri~n ~25 a thin r~e iontrP1 prliaSly lul to tne low nici!ine tia"'i·r. FPr Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 all the Ptl rigar.'ltcs their nicotine re' ~~ S"DI'.Pd i5 lo~rr than tnl cootroli also their nicutins,PMWRi (Zj i 'nE nicPiine ~rans(ar !Ni! values and the tar idjuSied nicotine transfers (TRN'I). ,Carbon nonoKide Whwl coeoarin4 CO dplivaiec ITablcs 10 and 11I it can be seen that i: is c~nsljEraliy larper ior the PCL cigarettes on n9:c;gi C0ipuii; CO/PIIWIF and COlgllimokrd· The increase in CO ,id be due to tne:hsngcd pkyllcai cildrarteriitics oi the sheer :on~~areri to the :0ntrol bland andior to the 3rel!er density oi the PCI Cigarettes wnicn may have prrvenle? the Sale codus~ion conditions as the control, 2.rJ Ilinor Cpnponents in the minor co~ppnent~ of There have Seen ean~iderahl~ cha"9es rhJ 5PUI:I !Tsb!C ii). Far the PCL ciPare::el there have been in acrolein! ;cetal~ehyde, iptmaldehyde considerable reducs:ons 7ld pnenP1 on a ner li?irittel peripmlsmol;ld ~nd /PIIWNF la5il· ihr only inErlase in tae;e cbepo"e"t5 Wd' the acetildehyde value iugicip! iol F;1; Hllch is greater than the control, F15t, 1071) ugicil a9ai"5: upicig ihpreare no marked dlifwenrcl The total He~ (uglcig) values went betrea the FC1 c!parett,s· u? for all the sheet cioarettes but On a pe'i0niisoksd and results as the P IM1WNF basis, Fi:i md Fi58 produced the same Cigarsfls '156, uithou: CIIC adder during prudue:ionl ~i~ deliveries thin tne csnr~ol~ pcssecsad 9reattr Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 3, j~T 3,1 Sheet Production hi BT yErl Lnrrl ur inve5!ipitsd ~ yu(rh~* 'h"' mB~o br tnl fu'~ bid rd kr thl PCL d~r nnd 7h( sheet was produced froR the ~aw the Cootro! cip~rettP· ~d~ld· ""P ObBi ihii wnr ad ~r be rCL ydc~~· IUcCPSSiU1LY lnanufsotured t.c was felt that the SRT could not be d~ i d· hni*r~~llLlldlb E ~~ i" *e wt~ edr;ed to give brhancP the eh)leicai s~lndlrd SRT process, straU~h ~ th~ s~e~t~ 4~ITR iour di;;creni ~*~c' were ~ JO r~ slice oi th,ir production Ibchin~. ~anu;sc:urld uslnp hdbr r31Rdl~ns e~ "~~M' b~ pdche qurlitY ?; ul nr~i· nl Rr o4hl o~~* i"" d~d cdh~te i~~;:~d ~5% an" tw~ r~u~e ~d?ba~~ ~v~~ ~Md'd end l~vs!~ equ~l to t~C cD"trol cnhan:e~ ..E cjve nicotine and E~phT to~~c:~ ~tlr the Jhle~ sampler had been m~~c'~d it *nl eut for Eigsretto ~~"Uflctu'e, .:~nsPPrtrd daol: to the FB~ to he 3.2 Ch~~i~ll Fropartiel onstitutld tobacco frD1 the Ihe to~~cio cpntro! blend and the rle RT ~~.' W' .~P~ ~' LnY u~~~'t~"~~ ~~~ YY hive occurred during recpnstitutien~ Nicotine and Su(arl Tse vilua~ are IhoHn in fbp!e 1C, 3 tne st.anderd proc~~~! FCo3 ~nd m Tne jRT sheet samples! nsde with Rm ~n n~li~o~a~~i? cp*nd ·~ ~' O~'d. · lo~J ri ep!ubl~a ~url"~ proCuctien, ;~i~ is pro?ab!y due to the nl rp ~~bl SC FC ~~. "rrml bl d dp~~ ei ClibPDF - v~~fastio.soni ~plu~lr~ addb*k! had suParsi W'h e3mpenrated by enhancrd nlro:ine i"vel':!ESE tJ the c~fitrll blend The SRi sam~les "adE irlm the indurtrial Frocers! fC03 and FC05! This is due to the nlvE loser total and reducino luli' !"Ve15· FCW and fCbb, have the i~s! of so!ubies~ The "b~osted" snl'les, as the control. sane level of total sugars jgbaCCD Chemistry constant and at The arh level (fa~lE 17i in the S~t sampler are ium and chloride Ipvels the cpntrol· ihe potass the samP level as are higher than the control Hi:h the ppiassium content higher in The 5fii sheets enhanced soluble addSiik~ the two sheets with cellulose r0mf~a"d Hilh the contr0l~ hare much higher levels oi ~;llulos~ Is added to the sheet fit production ip give the sheet needed dLle to the speed oi the added Fnysic"l St:enPth which is width o~ the sheet (iour .Itlra~~ Bl~"dr machines and the ~C03 and iC04 had 515~ ccilulcie "dded, FCOJ having,lner ~ laY?I cellulose a5L" e"hanced soluble addbar~ ievel was used to "boal;v the nicotine and uyar Irvels had: to the central leV'1~ added! with FCOb having a Slendr FC05 and FCOI had :,5% cellulose lower ~ level p: cellulese for the above recson· (~able 17) scr FCC,3 and FCUS is The i~rease in so!tlet sP1ublel the WT ,anuiacturing lose pi Solubles during CrPhably due to the For blinds FCOS and Fi~b the 6orl?t levels are higherC ?recc~~~ to the ennanced SDluble CC thsn the either two WT sheets this is due addbick level· \C tent iTa~le i!) pi FCD3 and :305 are c The total ~ nitrogen con CF; F3Q$ and FCDb 1 due to ices o sola~lesl lower than the contro Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 ·· have arp'~"i"ltrlY:he same level * the eontrP1· The enhanced content of the in the soluble nitropen soluble levels can he seen Ehestl· The prei.ia nitrogen levels ;o~ the four SAf sheets are shift fro" there appevb to be a lower tnan the control. ~heets~ 3.3 Cigarette na"ufaF;ture TL~ qgj(i~LtiOl Ci LhL IPT Lls.r.ib: ii ihD*n in ilD111B· manufactured and the theet cipa'Ptte' were The control clgare'Lte The cigarettes General Trade Speci!icaticns· to pensPn Sr Hedges 13P mm H2[5. ,,p nanuiac:urel ts equal pre'5"'e nrPpl shown in Table 191 The phy.~icsi re5uits oi :he cigarettes are The 5~5 cigarettes naYe a hiyh density Eo~par21 lJith the Control the SP.T and tnere~ore the rod due re the !awer -:linJ pJwe' o' alsc hi3her~ fh·dmrityof the cigarettes wae weights a" The I·?und 290 n?ire aoari. tron FZII which had a ,i 347 mg/cc~ ecceptionallY en'dl dabi!ity i~':"i~ ,eries pi ci(inret(el H'1 pood. 3,~ Smoke ~nalyai~ the results are ~~own in Tables 21 and 21. The experimental cigaret'lee La"ui"ctured f'om S'iS Sheet Were PO ~~nd ":h:,p cm~rsl ~g"l!( Md. ire. thl iall laihiniisis li2 i 1BI ratio iF159i. lower than:han the control. the The SEi P~WNF Je!ivcries a'~ ~O puii nua~e~r are nplinil!v tns rinr but the w,icn~ smoked for the Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 sheet ciParettes is higher, The cigarette F!I1 where the weipnt sm~kd was over :0(' mS (OWB) above the control and the pui~ nunlet was 12.1) clm~arrd with ~.S the P~WUF delivery was 5till ?.9 agiciP jelo3 the F::31 the control. Thee appears to be no di;ierenc' in the Irl:veriar between the two levels oi added cellulose pr betueen the standard and enhanced solubles iddbaek cmtent~ - Nicotine Tae ,rsuir; are shown in Tables :2 and 13. The Si:i Ei[iaret:e? have lower total nicotine delivery imgiEiS) tndn the control which :s rliler;ed i" their nirPtih, tran.~erl around 81 r?~p6re? wi:n i:i: idr t;le cmtrol although the ueiah: smoked was The nicr~tineiPMUN: (li and the TDIJf higher as mentiPntd aoPve. The two SET ci?arettes whe'e values are simi:a- tc:h~ c~ntral, :he niCe~i:nP wLr i'~"Cs:"d" during the re~onsliitu~ion FroEe'"! F:l~o and FZ:ll po'gl'5:l~ner total nicotine values but all the nicotine/puff and "icotine/PMWC1F but r~T ciaarss~~~ h~vE 41m;!a: nS clear insicatiPn ii given by the NT oS TANT values. - Carbon Mon~xide The CO values are shown in Table,:4 and 25. The CO values iw ··- cicaretir~ ire nominally the saee as the control on a per the Jr~l ,ioarelte baris. The COipui~ values ate similar, COIPMWNF ratios ,, hi?ner but :ne t~:gl/sm~iced is slightly lower. The density c; Si.T c:)+?:le dlei net Ipllar ie hrvr incrsared the CO OO delivery ii the cljgr~~.s r~me"'ed with the cont?P1 but within inc~eacing iClcig value with CO the S~i c:garsIter there is an \D inrr·lsli c.?illr· ;"' C!iiere~ce In 1aJed cclluloll levels and 4] tn, j~;u"!e nddl,cii ievair has hal na tipniflcant Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 __ ci CG iron the ci~arettef~ aiiect on ~~' production 3.5 Minor Components Tne results are 500Mn in Tabie:i· i""n' SRT cigarettes therr are decrease i" bath ac:clien and acetaldehyde compared to the increase i" per/g~/PMWNF. cpntrP1 on a perigmlsmPked basis but an t~sre is a large increase in iornaldehyde overall but it appears the c;Earettes with the thb' :he dtiivrin a" IDW"fPr ed with their respectiw CO"t'OlS enhanced addback level c3mFar ,ith rna jtandard addback level. Th, phenol and HCN deliveries went down Feriomi~m3ked but HCN was higher perl?s/PnWNF cpmpared mentioned abDve showed a ~itn the control. DnlY iormaldehyde a5 eiiferencr Delw'"" the addtPck levelsl there a3pea'8d te be "" and the amount of the minor component delivery ciiierenca between ceii~lose "dbd ts ?ypd?lie the sheet. Panel Testing 4.1 PC1 Cigarettes The shae: ci?aret:n were pa"el tested usinS an WEGA II pair the cigarettes where adjwted tp equal deliverY wise comparison, 5~ v$tilatibn· Their were ten trained pl"eliJts· ihe to test the cigarettes Ue'" as i~llcwr; dr'Y paraeetcrs used rEsistane~i draw eifcr:i aouthiul pi emOI:li impact; ~!BVDU' sao!itudei 1"Ui" irri:at:Dn: th'Dat irrltatiPni hbgf'id~dhf~P1~ OO taste character, 03 also k41:ed to comment on any The panelists were di!Y interfered with 03 Ic.jJCiatEb wl:n r!;hsr iiV3'ettEl whicn gener ~O ,,~,ymeni~ Th~ ci4armttP5 a'" marked out Of live their smo~lnp ed the iilil.in.t"iiilr.l ttit lilrilol~ 'D ."IY" the Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 used for this oi the resui;s· The OMEjA I1 iorm ,igniiicance series of tests is sh~wii in ippc~di:: Z d"O the C0minents mlde by shown in ~ppeni~ 3~ The results of the panel the panelists are tests are shown in Table 19· i! C15B (vented 2B) v F159 ,,,f~ctured as per the The Pel cigarette in which the sheet was ~ II process, F153, with 5~ iilyce:ol a"d O.e~ em: added Has tested F195~ which was mad, with the vae ,,,inst the control rig"'Ef;'! lalnina:etem ratio (7?::6). i158 was ventilated (25%) so that the deliveries of the two ci9ar:ttei ma:chei ISable )· The impact (99): siPniiic6n:; a"l the throat irritation (99;!) were it was e~pccted that the :Y01 ci?arettel F1S?. higher for the con ciparette Wd5 made from impa:: would he higher ice Fi59 as this and the nic~tine/PMWNF and the nicotinelpuii the control :oba'c~' ratio was higher i~shilSi. The throat irritation iD' the ~be Sheet cigarette! and this can be -atrD was higher than acetaldenyde and iornaldehydP figures reflected in the acrPlein! i~r the PCL cigarette in u"ventilated (Taoln 14) which are lower different ~prm. Although the impact and irritation figures are tio are similar with ior ,the cigarettes tke ilritationlimpact ra and 1.25 ior the tent~pl· Comments; 1,2J ior the YCL cigarette 4110 for FISB and :;1~ ior F15P. ii) F156 ivlnted:5%) v F157 (v~ntad:5%) CC There were no ~19"'T:,,,t di~ierences between these tno CC diilerence in the smakin4 CC Thee. ap~'~" t" Se "C ,ieirettes- 5;: addi:i~n of glvcetoi ta the mininuP 3Uj!jtY in apvin~ ir~m Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 ]·vel of 3A. Con"entii ?ii9 for ;1:a, ;;10 for i157, i::l F15i iventsd 2T;:;, r F1Sb (venred 25;:, There Here no ripniiiclnr diiiErencP~ between :hPEe two :;yiirar:es. Thii tel: ha. mo*ed tbat the reloval of CMC irwl Y;I p?oduc:im has no signiii:ant affect on the sensory gualities ?i the ampke, r·omm~nt;l 1,'1[; for F15a and (1110 for FiSb, 4.2 SF:; Ci9a'"ite" i! a, F159 Ivente~ 25il v f210 b. i159 [vent~? 2a%j v F!10 ;hs impact for il:i waj kighe:, 9$;; liSniiicant for. a. above and 1F:: for b., than F:ii~~ TiiiE:i dye to the larger nicptine/PMWNF j?, me nicotine.'Pc'i IbtiPT iTabie4::;nd ?3! for FI:P colpare~ .:;:!~, Tne irriti;ion,i~Pir~ ratios of the:wp Ei~arzttaa are (1.$4 and 1,17 far the tno panel d:iierni ~ith'he F:!O hipner rw:si than the clntrcl ci3aPtte i15t !1,15 and 0.95~ resorr:iv.lyi, The intr.aa. in this ratio can be reflected in the increase in the acrpiien:FMWN~ and iorma;dahydelfflWNF for F:16 cpn~ipared to the Inventilated control ITable 281 and the 1LT?CT n)E~tile:PMWNF for the ventilated control, tomn~ents; in the first test there were I/!O for ;110 and 0110 for the control; ~, the second test l/iO! F21u a"d 2ii0 for F15$, iii F210 v F211 (ventilated 152) O ;herl Here no slor,i;icnnt di~~erenirs between these two cli~aret:es The irllulD'.e itvll for the ciilarrr:Pe ur the sane 3.1 an e·ilancri Ipvnl "i addbacl: and 03 ~ur ·:gsvPtte ;:;! p~'E'" Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 :his is seen i" the h:pker nicutlrc/PMWNF fi8u'es, hi this has not be.n reilected in the rcr:ory aspects o( the ciptrctte· eolPeo:l; there werr 3110 i~r both ri9a'ettcs which were identical and one extra cpmmeni ior FZII makinp a total o( ioU'· iii) F210 v F2Ue than F20B, this is probably The imEact io' i?10 105;:) war hipher to the nicoiineiPMWNi fiyu'e5l 6~31 a91i"5t 7,713 have the san addhack level res~"::lvely, Tnes two cigarertts bu: F:!P hi~ :·B adj'd:ellulo" L9link 5: fPT F:08, C~sentl 5i!0 ier f210 and 411(1 ior F:(lii, iv) F209 v F159 (vented =~~) the il~:t (or i15F wa5 tiioh:iy hi9he' bu; this .er not Eign;ii:ant i~i'Y""duneilpected irthe nic~:in.lpuii d"d nicrirlnal?tlWNi ;0' th,twpciolr~t:n.are sinilar, Co'"entsi 4110, FZ09 and 2!10 ior F154. Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 g~ ~ ~,~~,3~s~ j ----------ce - I, L-~Cnn --~-----'-' I - La, ' "i~/3 ~te~ o~ o~ g " ~-----------cle ~C-C- C ~------ i i __C~CC- i: ___C~-C---C / : ~clc~- C ~-----~-'C _1 -------~-- o: ~-~------- c~ Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111